Part 2: Academic achievement, (average test scores in reading and mathematic) and the number of suspensions for each school under study

SCHOOL YEAR 2005-2006

Table 1: Percentage distribution of average test scores in

Reading SY: 2005-2006

School	Below	Average	Proficient	Advanced
1	19	53	26	2
2	27	57	16	0
3	5	24	48	23
4	20	58	21	1
5	23	59	17	1
6	25	47	26	2
7	28	53	18	1
8	27	54	18	1
Mean	21.75	50.63	23.75	3.88

The table reveals that school number 7 has the highest percentage of students who were ‘Below’ on reading scores. This means that this school needs to exert much effort to improve the reading skills of the students. The same was shown for schools number 2, 6, 8, 5 and 4. Conversely, the percentages 20 to 28 were too high in terms of percentage population enrolled on the said schools.

It is a common knowledge that all students are average readers. This was proven in column 3 which show that majority of the school has average reader.

Nonetheless, it is very noticeable School number 3 has the lowest average reading score, but, high in proficiency and advanced scores for the School Year 2005 to 2006.

Generally, 21.75% was quite high for average reading test scores. This means that there is a need for the department of education to plan and implement a new program which will be the basis for the schools to modify the traditional reading lessons as well as to richly improve the reading skills of the students in the middle schools.

Part 1: Academic achievement, (average test scores in reading and mathematic) and the number of suspensions for each school under study

4.1. Introduction

This chapter presents the statistically treated data with its respective analyses, interpretations, as well as implications. It is at this juncture that relationships among the statistics gathered will be configured to illustrate rationality of derived results. Its impact will be largely significant in the development of principles and concepts in the next chapter. The questions identified in the problem were used as the basis for the presentation. The sequence of the structure includes table, analysis and interpretation of the data.

4.2. Presentation, Data Analyses, and Interpretation

This section presents the analyses of data of the academic achievement, (average test scores in reading and mathematic) and the number of suspensions for each school under study. The researcher tried to collect all the data possible, however, out of 14 schools only 8 complied. The eight schools were selected based on the available data especially in terms of academic achievements from SY 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 and the number of suspensions in each school.

One of the chosen schools failed to provide the researcher the number of suspensions recorded for the period. So, the number of schools was reduced to 7 for the school year 2006-2007. Consequently, the collected data from the eight schools for school year 2005- 2006 and seven schools for 2006-2007 were treated using Microsoft Excel and SPSS program. The results were further computed for percentage and Pearson Correlation for Independent Samples.

Valuation research becoming or emerging?

Valuation research becoming or emerging as a central theme in the accounting research of the 1990s does not become of a surprise to many finance practitioners considering the compulsory requirement from companies to submit historical information and the need for the decisions makers to have more reliable basis for risky ventures. Such research basically focuses on the use of accounting information to estimate shareholder value. Therefore, this literature has had an impact not only on the research agendas of academics, but also on the day-to-day work of practitioners as changes happens not only the textbooks but the system and speed with which decision are to be made. This paper has therefore all the good reasons to look ahead, as valuation promises to be an area of continued growth, with many new opportunities and challenges[1] for many to go into.

More authors are expressing and recognizing the relevance of the accounting numbers for stock valuation. They include Lin, Yi-Mien; Hsu, Yun-Sheng and Liao, Woody M., who in their research commented that “Our findings provide further evidence that accounting numbers are important determinants of the firm value and dividends are closely related to the present discounted value of future earnings and the firm value.” [2]

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[1] Lin, Yi-Mien, Hsu, Yun-Sheng and Liao, Woody M

[2] Ibid

Equity as arts and science

Equity is one of the important elasticities (or elements) in the financial statements.

Aside from equity there were other variables in financial statements, such as cash, revenue, sales, investment, current assets, liabilities, income before extra ordinary item, and working capital. On the other hand, Valuation is the art/science of determining what a security or asset is worth. So, proper equity valuation is a very important issue for a company[1] since it connotes knowing the market value or market capitalization of the company. Viewed form an individual or stockholder’s perspective, it simply means stock price.

Equity valuation therefore means valuing the stock of the corporate entity for purposes of determining worth of the company. In terms of individual share of the stock each stockholder has decisions to make on the basis of knowledge of his or stock worth or stock price. He could them decide to hold, sell or buy the stock and his or knowledge will definitely therefore increase or decrease his or her wealth from stock ownership.

Reference:

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[1] Ohlson, James A., and X. Zhang, 1998,

The value of Change

The value of change is highlighted in the current environment of the Internet. Unlike biotechnology, which caused many people to see both risk and reward, the Internet brings information that is fast and free. Connectedness is seen as an unmitigated positive value, and studies that show the positive effect of the number of network nodes are cited in both the academic and the popular press. Perhaps the speed and magnitude of the creation of wealth has been important in society's recognition of the value of change. Weakness in the protectionist power of unions in the face of new technology has accompanied envy and frequent emulations of the capitalist system. These factors have given people comfort about change.